They denounced the Nazi regime's crimes and oppression, and called for resistance. Three members of the White Rose weren't tried and executed until 1944, but no significant events occurred between February 22, 1943 and 1944. She frequently carried supplies such as envelopes, paper, and an additional duplicating machine from Stuttgart to Munich. During her combat dories, she claimed 14 kills give or take a few that may be in dispute. February 22, 1943: Members of the White Rose are executed. "WeiÃe Rose Stiftung", FJ Müller et al., 1943â2009, This page was last edited on 18 February 2021, at 16:58. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, "1942/43: The White Rose Resistance Group". The first four leaflets were… Eleven others were sentenced to prison, and Falk Harnack was acquitted of the accusations. Political indoctrination started at a very early age, and continued by means of the Hitler Youth with the ultimate goal of complete mind control. Ihr fünftes Flugblatt erscheint in einer Auflage von 6000 bis 9000 Exemplaren und wird in mehreren süddeutschen und österreichischen Städten verteilt. Consequently, in the fifth leaflet, the name of the group was changed from White Rose to "German Resistance Movement", and also the style of writing became more polemic and less intellectual. Gedenken an die "Weiße Rose". Voraussetzung dafür war ein Krieg gegen Polen. The text of the sixth leaflet of the White Rose was smuggled out of Germany through Scandinavia to the United Kingdom by the German lawyer and member of the Kreisau Circle, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. The tone of this writing, authored by Kurt Huber and revised by Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell, was more patriotic. This German offensive was initially very successful, but came to a standstill in the autumn of 1942. He drew the Scholl siblings' attention to the persecution of the Jews, which he considered sinful and anti-Christian.[20]. Soviet Army propaganda issued a leaflet, wrongly attributed by later researchers to the National Committee for a Free Germany, in honour of the White Rose's fight for freedom.[37]. It also had a devastating effect on German morale. Today, the White Rose is well known both within Germany and worldwide. Why are you so cowardly that you won't admit it? 18 February 1943. Nothing is so unworthy of a civilised nation as allowing itself to be governed without opposition by an irresponsible clique that has yielded to … On 5 February 2012 Alexander Schmorell was canonized as a New Martyr by the Orthodox Church. [17] Horrified by the Nazi policies, Sophie obtained permission to reprint the sermon and distribute it at the University of Munich. In a letter to his sister Anneliese, Willi Graf wrote: "I wish I had been spared the view of all this which I had to witness. In total six leaflets were printed and distributed by the White Rose. On 15 March 1943, a report by the Sicherheitsdienst of the Schutzstaffel stated that rumors about the leaflets spread "considerable unrest" amongst the German population. Alexander Schmorell was recognized, denounced and arrested on 24 February 1943, after his return to Munich following an unsuccessful effort to travel to Switzerland. The "Bündische Jugend" Trials (Scholl/Reden): 1937â1938. In late January 1943 the battle for Stalingrad ended in disaster. Gestapo Interrogation Transcripts: Graf & Schmorell (NJ 1704). Die Weiße Rose war eher ein Freundeskreis als eine Organisation. Who among us has any conception of the dimensions of shame that will befall us and our children when one day the veil has fallen from our eyes and the most horrible of crimesâcrimes that infinitely outdistance every human measureâreach the light of day? This was a time that was particularly critical for the Nazi regime; after initial victories in World War II, the German population became increasingly aware of the losses and damages of the war. Die Weiße Rose und ihre profiliertesten Mitglieder, die Geschwister Scholl, stehen heute stellvertretend für den deutschen Widerstand gegen Hitler und das NS … RGWA I361K-I-8808. She was a key member of the Weiße Rose (White Rose)—a resistance group run by students at the University of Munich who distributed leaflets and used graffiti to decry Nazi crimes and the political system, while calling for resistance to the Nazi state and the … Die Mitglieder der Weißen Rose wollen ihre Landsleute über den wahren Charakter des Regimes aufklären. Judge Freisler had intended to issue death sentences against Wilhelm Geyer, Harald Dohrn, Josef Söhngen and Manfred Eickemeyer. Das "Münchner Abkommen" Ende September 1938 sowie die deutschen Erfolge zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs machten erfolgversprechende Aktionen des Militärs gegen die NS-Führung schließlich unmöglich.Hitler war nach dem Frankreichfeldzug 1940 auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Popularität, zu groß war bis 1941 der Siegesrausch in Deutschland, zu gering jegliche … Ein Hausmeister erwischt die Geschwister Scholl, als sie die Flugblätter im Lichthof der Universität verteilen, hält sie fest und übergibt sie der Gestapo. Thomas Mann sprach in einer nach Deutschland ausgestrahlten Rede in der BBC über die Mitglieder der Weißen Rose als Vertreter eines besseren, anderen Deutschlands, so klein ihre Zahl auch gewesen sei, und versicherte: "Ihr sollt nicht umsonst gestorben sein, sollt nicht vergessen sein.". [19] Both Hans and Sophie Scholl were influenced by Carl Muth whom they describe as deeply religious, and opposed to Nazism. Gemeinsam besuchten sie auch die Vorlesungen des Philosophie-Professors Kurt Huber, der schon mit den Nazis in Konflikt geraten war und der später ebenfalls ein aktives Mitglied der Gruppe werden sollte. The members of the White Rose were fully aware of the risks they incurred by their acts of resistance: I knew what I took upon myself and I was prepared to lose my life by so doing. They were found guilty of treason. In den folgenden Monaten verhaftet die Gestapo weiterhin Freunde und Unterstützer der Weißen Rose, und der Volksgerichtshof verhängt Todes- und hohe Freiheitsstrafen. Because he did not want to issue too many death sentences in a single trial, he therefore wanted to postpone his judgment against those four until the next day. This article is about the German resistance movement. 04:18 Min.. On 27 June 1943, the German author and Nobel prize winner Thomas Mann, in his monthly anti-Nazi broadcasts by the BBC called "Deutsche Hörer!" schreibt mir einfach ein paar worte als kommentar. In January 1943, the fifth leaflet, "Aufruf an alle Deutsche!" in the struggle for "freedom of speech, freedom of religion and protection of the individual citizen from the arbitrary action of criminal dictator-states". Noch zwei Tage vor ihrer Verhaftung sagte Sophie Scholl: "Es fallen so viele Menschen für dieses Regime. On 23 February, the official newspaper of the Nazi party, Völkischer Beobachter and local newspapers in Munich[32] briefly reported about the capture and execution of some "degenerate rogues". – Der deutsche Widerstand, "Es wird Zeit, dass jemand dagegen fällt", Hitlerjugend und dem Bund Deutscher Mädels, dass geistig behinderte Kinder einer Heilanstalt. Quoting extensively from the Bible, Aristotle and Novalis, as well as Goethe and Schiller, the iconic poets of German bourgeoisie, they appealed to what they considered the German intelligentsia, believing that these people would be easily convinced by the same arguments that also motivated the authors themselves. [5] In Hamburg, a group of students including Reinhold Meyer, Albert Suhr, Heinz Kucharski, Margaretha Rothe, Rudolf Degkwitz, Ursula de Boor, Hannelore Willbrandt, Karl Ludwig Schneider, Ilse Ledien, Eva von Dumreicher, Dorothea Zill, Apelles Sobeczko, and Maria Leipelt formed as a resistance group against the National Socialist regime and distributed the group's leaflets. Scholl, her brother Hans, and Christop Probst, members of the White Rose (die Weiße Rose) non-violent resistance movement, were arrested for distributing anti-Nazi leaflets at the University of Munich in February of 1943. In addition, a group of students in the city of Ulm distributed a number of the group's leaflets and were arrested and tried. Their studies were regularly interrupted by terms of compulsory service as student soldiers in the Wehrmacht medical corps on the Eastern Front. White Rose survivor Jürgen Wittenstein described what it was like for ordinary Germans to live in Nazi Germany: The governmentâor rather, the partyâcontrolled everything: the news media, arms, police, the armed forces, the judiciary system, communications, travel, all levels of education from kindergarten to universities, all cultural and religious institutions. was part of this youth movement, founded by Eberhard Koebel in 1929. Heinz Kucharski konnte auf dem Weg zur Hinrichtung fliehen. Grimminger's secretary Tilly Hahn contributed her own funds to the cause, and acted as go-between for Grimminger and the group in Munich. â Hitler cannot win the war, he can only prolong it." They hurriedly dropped stacks of copies in the empty corridors for students to find when they left the lecture rooms. At the Heart of the White Rose: Letters and Diaries of Hans and Sophie Scholl. They were supported by other people, including: Otto Aicher, Theodor Haecker, Anneliese Graf, Traute Lafrenz, Katharina Schüddekopf, Lieselotte "Lilo" Ramdohr, Jürgen Wittenstein, Falk Harnack, Marie-Luise Jahn, Hubert Furtwängler, Wilhelm Geyer, Manfred Eickemeyer, Josef Söhngen, Heinrich Guter, Heinrich Bollinger, Wilhelm Bollinger, Helmut Bauer, Harald Dohrn, Hans Conrad Leipelt, Gisela Schertling, Rudi Alt, Michael Brink, Lilo Dreyfeldt, Josef Furtmeier, Günter Ammon, Fred Thieler, and Wolfgang Jaeger. Parteien, Gewerkschaften, Kirchen, Milizen und Polizei wurden zerschlagen oder gleichgeschaltet. Zu Adolf Hitlers grundlegenden Zielen gehörten von Anfang an die Vernichtung des "jüdischen Bolschewismus" und die Eroberung von "Lebensraum im Osten". Sie malen auf Münchner Hausfassaden Anti-Nazi-Parolen wie "Nieder mit Hitler", "Hitler Massenmörder" oder "Freiheit". A musical based upon the activities of the White Rose is in the developmental stages with formal readings in March and May of 2021. For other uses, see, The German Youth Movement and the Hitler Youth, Experience on the World War II Eastern Front, Reactions in Germany and abroad during World War II, Primary source materials in English translation. After her acquittal on 19 April, Traute Lafrenz was placed under arrest again. So vervielfältigte der Münchner Chemiestudent Hans Leipelt gemeinsam mit gleichgesinnten Freunden das letzte Flugblatt und verteilte es, versehen mit dem Zusatz "Und ihr Geist lebt trotzdem weiter", in Hamburg. But there was something else that drew us with mysterious power and swept us along: the closed ranks of marching youth with banners waving, eyes fixed straight ahead, keeping time to drumbeat and song. [3][4] Most were in their early twenties. [29] For many years the primary sources for research were limited to those provided by White Rose members and their supporters. Hans Scholl, Alexander Schmorell, Christoph Probst, and Willi Graf were medical students. She also had many victories shared with other pilots, bringing her possible total to around 20. Broadway actors have recorded performances of a number of songs from White Rose, The Musical, as part of the workshop phase of the project. Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose) is a 1982 CCC Film production about the White Rose resistance to the Nazis led by university students in Munich in 1942–1943 whose members were caught and executed in February 1943, shortly after the German capitulation at Stalingrad.. Actress Lena Stolze, who played Sophie Scholl, reprised that role in The Last Five Days, also … Further prosecutions took place until the end of World War II, and German newspapers continued to report, mostly in brief notes, that more people had been arrested and punished. The documents concerning Alexander Schmorell still remain in the State Military Archive of Russia, but have been fully transcribed and published in a German/Russian edition.[43]. Geschwister Scholl: Liebe zu Natur und Literatur. Time period. Während ihres Verhörs wollte der Gestapobeamte ihr eine Möglichkeit geben, die Todesstrafe zu umgehen: Sie sollte sich von ihrem Bruder distanzieren und erklären, dass seine und ihre Handlungen und Überzeugungen verurteilenswert seien. WDR. Das einzige Beweismittel gegen ihn ist ein handschriftlicher Entwurf zu einem Flugblatt, den Hans Scholl bei sich trug, als er verhaftet wurde. In Berlinger spielte er 1975 die Titelrolle eines Unangepassten und Individualisten. 11. in 1934, when he and other Hitler Youth members in Ulm considered membership in this group and the Hitler Youth to be compatible. Eckard Holler, "Hans Scholl zwischen Hitlerjugend und dj.1.11 â Die Ulmer Trabanten", Puls 22, Scholl, Hans, and Sophia Scholl. Two large fountains are in front of the university, one on either side of LudwigstraÃe. Verfügbar bis 19.03.2026. On 22 February 1943, the students of Munich were assembled, and officially protested against the "traitors" who came from within their ranks. Willi Graf was further interrogated, but managed to cover his friend Willi Bollinger, and was finally executed on 12 October 1943. The following is a non-exhaustive chronological account of some of the more notable treatments of the White Rose in media, book and artistic form. Sie lernten Willi Graf und Hans Scholl während ihres Medizinstudiums 1941/42 an der Münchner Universität kennen. But he cannot be exonerated; he is guilty, guilty, guilty! Third White Rose Trial: 13 July 1943 (Eickemeyer, Söhngen, Dohrn, and Geyer). Geschrieben von ihrem Mentor Kurt Huber, einem Professor für Philosophie und Musikwissenschaften, geißelt es die Kriegspolitik Hitlers, welcher in Stalingrad allein auf deutscher Seite 300.000 Soldaten zum Opfer gefallen sind. [35] The paper also published articles on the first White Rose trials on 29 March 1943 and 25 April 1943. Ihr Freund Heinz Kucharski, ein Student der Philosophie und Orientalistik, verteilte sie dort mit Hilfe anderer oppositioneller Studenten. Their activities started in Munich on 27 June 1942, and ended with the arrest of the core group by the Gestapo on 18 February 1943. The White Rose (die Weiße Rose) was one of the most famous anti-Nazi resistance groups working within the borders of the Third Reich; their defiant opposition against Adolf Hitler and the atrocities and oppression of his government was and is especially remarkable when juxtaposed with the traditional image of … They propagated a return to nature, confraternity and shared adventures. Nachdem der innerste Kreis der Weißen Rose ermordet worden war, wurde ihre Arbeit zunächst noch fortgeführt und ihr Gedankengut weitergetragen. The documents were distributed between the Central Archive of the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the archive of the Ministry for State Security. ZC13267, Volumes 1â16. [9] The Scholls read sermons by John Henry Newman, and Sophie gave two volumes of Newman's sermons to her boyfriend, Fritz Hartnagel, when he was assigned to the Eastern Front; he wrote to her: "[W]e know by whom we are created, and that we stand in a relationship of moral obligation to our creator. Planet Wissen . [17], In 1940, Otl Aicher had met Carl Muth, the founder of the Catholic magazine Hochland. Hans Scholl had joined the Deutsche Jungenschaft 1. Their experience during this time had a major impact on their thinking, and it also motivated their resistance, because it led to their disillusionment with the Nazi regime. The White Rose (German: Weiße Rose) was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany led by a group of students from the University of Munich, including Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell.The group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign that called for active opposition to the Nazi regime. Hans's sister, Sophie later came to be a core member of the White Rose ("German Audience!") Isn't it true that every honest German is ashamed of his government these days? [23] Some witnessed atrocities of the war on the battlefield and against civilian populations in the East. Ab Februar 1943 tritt die Gruppe auch durch nächtliche Aktionen an die Öffentlichkeit. Mit ihnen stirbt Christoph Probst. Here, they were kept secret in a special archive. Willi Graf and Katharina Schüddekopf were devout Catholics. "The dead of Stalingrad adjure us! The White Rose used the written word to call the German people to resist Nazism and to contribute to an end to the Second World War. [9], The ideas and thoughts of the German Youth Movement, founded in 1896, had a major impact on the German youth at the beginning of the twentieth century. Hans Scholl ging es darum, ein "sichtbares Zeichen des Widerstandes von Christen zu setzen". Weiße Rose nannte sich eine in ihrem Kern von Studenten dominierte, sich wesentlich auf christliche und humanistische Werte aus der Tradition der bündischen Jugend berufende deutsche Widerstandsgruppe gegen die Diktatur des Nationalsozialismus.Sie entstand in der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkriegs auf Initiative eines Freundeskreises um Hans Scholl und Alexander … Thus, the execution of the White Rose group members, among many others, is considered as judicial murder. Diese Aktivitäten wurden verraten, Hans Leipelt, seine Freundin Marie-Luise Jahn und andere Unterstützer im Herbst 1943 verhaftet. Three days before the trial, however, the Allies liberated the town where she was held prisoner, thereby saving her life. "Mit mathematischer Sicherheit führt Hitler das deutsche Volk in den Abgrund", schreiben Hans Scholl und Alexander Schmorell mit Blick auf die Kriegslage im Januar 1943. ", Überlebende deutsche Soldaten verlassen Stalingrad. [26] The students had become convinced during their military service that the war was lost: "Hitler kann den Krieg nicht gewinnen, nur noch verlängern. "[27], On 3rd, 8th, and 15 February 1943, Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl, and Willi Graf used tin stencils to write slogans like "Down with Hitler" and "Freedom" on the walls of the university and other buildings in Munich.[9]. It was carried to other German Cities between 27 and 29 January 1943 by the members and supporters of the group to many cities, and then mailed from there. There, they observed the horrors of war, saw beatings and other mistreatment of Jews by the Germans, and heard about the persecution of the Jews from reliable sources. Ed. Each wants to be exonerated of guilt, each one continues on his way with the most placid, calm conscience. [8], The members of the core group all shared an academic background as students at Munich University. Is your spirit already so crushed by abuse that you forget it is your rightâor rather, your moral dutyâto eliminate this system? [9], The second White Rose trial took place on 19 April 1943. The main Gestapo interrogator was Robert Mohr, who initially thought Sophie was innocent. The argument was built partially on the work of Eckard Holler, a sociologist specializing in the German Youth Movement,[11] as well as on the Gestapo interrogation transcripts from the 1937â38 arrest, and with reference to historian George Mosse's discussion of the homoerotic aspects of the German "Bündische Jugend" Youth Movement. Christoph Probst was a member of the German Youth Movement, and Willi Graf was a member of Neudeutschland ("New Germany"), and the Grauer Orden ("Grey Convent"), which were illegal Catholic youth organizations. [18] In his letters to Muth, Hans wrote about his growing attraction to the Catholic Christian faith. Sophie Scholl stated during her Gestapo interrogation that from summer 1942 on, the aim of the White Rose was to address a broader range of the population. Außerdem organisierte er eine Spendensammlung für die Witwe Kurt Hubers. Das sechste Flugblatt wird der Gruppe zum Verhängnis. Copies appeared in Saarbrücken, Stuttgart, Cologne, Vienna, Freiburg, Chemnitz, Hamburg, Innsbruck and Berlin. On 18 April 1943, the New York Times mentioned the student opposition in Munich. Trans. Trials kept being postponed and moved to different locations because of Allied air raids. Gestapo and Nazi jurisdiction documented in their files their view of the White Rose members as "traitors and defeatists". An der Ostfront beobachten die jungen Männer der Weißen Rose im Sommer 1942, wie ausgezehrte jüdische Frauen zur Zwangsarbeit getrieben werden. One of Germany's leading literary prizes is called the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis (the "Scholl Siblings" prize). Since Freisler did not preside over the third trial, the judge acquitted for lack of evidence all but Söhngen, who was sentenced to a six months' term in prison. Sophie Scholl – Widerstandskämpferin gegen Hitler, "Nieder mit Hitler!" Gestapo Interrogation Transcripts: Scholls & Probst (ZC 13267). modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Sophie Magdalena Scholl , née le 9 mai 1921 à Forchtenberg (Allemagne) et exécutée le 22 février 1943 à Munich , est une résistante allemande au nazisme et l'un des piliers du réseau « La Rose blanche » (Die Weiße Rose) avec son frère Hans . In Summer 1942, the German Wehrmacht was preparing a new military campaign in the southern part of the East front to regain the initiative after their earlier defeat close to Moscow. Kurt Huber was taken into custody on 26 February, and only then did the Gestapo learn about his role within the White Rose group. "[30] Immediately before Hans was executed, he cried out "Es lebe die Freiheit! At the last minute, the prosecutor added Traute Lafrenz, Gisela Schertling and Katharina Schüddekopf. All three were noted for the courage with which they faced their deaths, particularly Sophie, who remained firm despite intense interrogation, and intimidation by Freisler during the trial. With the fall of Nazi Germany, the White Rose came to represent opposition to tyranny in the German psyche and was lauded for acting without interest in personal power or self-aggrandizement. It was argued that the experience of being persecuted may have led both Hans and Sophie to identify with the victims of the Nazi state, providing another explanation for why Hans and Sophie Scholl made their way from ardent "Hitler Youth" leaders to passionate opponents of the Nazi regime. Membership in both party youth organizations was compulsory for young Germans, although a fewâsuch as Willi Graf, Otl Aicher, and Heinz Brennerârefused to join. In February 1943, the German army had faced a major defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad. Die anderen starben während der Haft. Link to an English translation of all seven leaflets: Alexander Schmorell: Gestapo Interrogation Transcripts. The movement aimed at providing free space to develop a healthy life. Children were exhorted in school to denounce even their own parents for derogatory remarks about Hitler or Nazi ideology. In Paris, a high school of the 17th arrondissement (collège La Rose Blanche),[47] is named after the White Rose, and a public park pays homage to Hans and Sophie Scholl.[48]. Kurt Huber was known amongst his students for the political innuendos which he used to include in his university lectures, by which he criticized Nazi ideology by talking about classical philosophers like Leibniz. [4] Willi Graf, Kurt Huber, and Alexander Schmorell were sentenced to death. Es waren die gemeinsamen Fahrten der Hitlerjugend und dem Bund Deutscher Mädels, das Gemeinschaftserlebnis und die Vorstellungen von Vaterland, die die jungen Leute ansprachen. Students from the University of Munich comprised the core of the White Rose: Hans Scholl, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf, Christoph Probst, and Kurt Huber, a professor of philosophy and musicology. 1,131 Followers, 635 Following, 899 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from David Berger (@davidbergerberlin) Im Juni 1942, nach dem großen Luftangriff auf Köln, schreiben und verteilen Hans Scholl und Alexander Schmorell die ersten Flugblätter. Roland Freisler, head judge of the court, sentenced them to death. Und sie hören von Massenhinrichtungen vieler unschuldiger Menschen. The reader was urged to "Support the resistance movement!" By the end of January 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad ended with the capitulation and near-total loss of the Wehrmacht's Sixth Army. This spontaneous action was observed by the university maintenance man, Jakob Schmid. [2] By the time of their arrest, the members of the White Rose were just about to establish contacts with other German resistance groups like the Kreisau Circle or the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group of the Red Orchestra. Within the United States, Sophie Magdalena Scholl is not the best-known resistance fighter, but her story is a powerful one. June 27, 1942 to February 22, 1943. Doch ihre frühe Begeisterung wich schnell grundsätzlicher Kritik. The Scholl siblings, Christoph Probst, Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell were all raised by independently thinking and wealthy parents. He had been sent down from Hamburg University in 1940 because of his Jewish ancestry, and had copied and further distributed the White Rose's pamphlets together with his girlfriend Marie-Luise Jahn. Alexander Schmorell and Christoph Probst had already been friends since their school days. Gestapo Interrogation Transcripts: Willi Graf, Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl, and Sophie Scholl. Christoph Probst was baptized a Catholic only shortly before his execution. Both Hans Scholl and Willi Graf were arrested in 1937â38 because of their membership in forbidden Youth Movement organizations.
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